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Biology

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      <h1>Biology Interactive Portal</h1>
      <p>Master Class XI & XII Biology with Sindh Board specialized quizzes</p>
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      <h2 class="category-title">📖 Class XI (First Year)</h2>
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          <h3>2nd Term Test</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Human Physiology</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">Comprehensive review of XI physiology chapters.</p>
          <a class="quiz-button" href="https://imranalidal.blogspot.com/p/class-xi.html">Start Quiz</a>
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          <h3>The Cell</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Chapter 4: Cytology</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">60 MCQs based on Sindh Board New Book.</p>
          <a class="quiz-button" href="https://imranalidal.blogspot.com/p/cell_5.html">Start Quiz</a>
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          <h3>Biomolecules</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Chapter: Biological Molecules</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids fundamentals.</p>
          <a class="quiz-button" href="https://imranalidal.blogspot.com/2025/10/wwe.html">Start Quiz</a>
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          <h3>Enzymes</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Bio-catalysis</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">Mechanism of enzyme action and kinetics.</p>
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          <h3>Animal Kingdom</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Diversity of Life</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">Classification of Invertebrates & Vertebrates.</p>
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          <h3>Nervous Coordination</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Brain & Neurons</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">CNS, PNS and Nerve Impulse conduction.</p>
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          <h3>Chemical Coordination</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Hormones</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">Endocrine system and metabolic control.</p>
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          <h3>Genetics (DNA)</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Chromosome & DNA</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">Structure of DNA, Replication and Protein Synthesis.</p>
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          <h3>Support & Movement</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Locomotion</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">Skeletal system, muscles and movement.</p>
          <a class="quiz-button" href="https://imranalidal.blogspot.com/2025/09/human-skeleton-system-class-xii.html?m=1">Start Quiz</a>
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          <h3>Reproduction</h3>
          <p class="quiz-chapter">Human Development</p>
          <p class="quiz-desc">Male and Female reproductive systems.</p>
          <a class="quiz-button" href="https://imranalidal.blogspot.com/2025/09/human-reproductive-system_53.html">Start Quiz</a>
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Biology

🧬 Biology Interactive Portal Master Class XI & XII Biology with Sindh Board specialized quizzes ...

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Chromosomes and dna

Chromosomes and dna

https://imranalidal.blogspot.com/p/chromosome-and-dna.html

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Cell quiz

Cell quiz

https://imranalidal.blogspot.com/p/cell_8.html

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قانون کی مرمت یا اختیار کا قبضہ؟

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<title>ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم — اصلاح یا اقتدار کی نیا روپ؟</title>

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<h1>📰 ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم — اصلاح یا اقتدار کی نیا روپ؟</h1>

<p>پاکستان کی آئینی تاریخ میں ہر ترمیم کو ہمیشہ “اصلاح” کے نام پر متعارف کروایا گیا، مگر وقت نے ثابت کیا کہ اکثر تبدیلیاں <strong>طاقت کے توازن</strong> کو بدلنے کے لیے کی جاتی رہیں۔ ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم بھی اسی روایت کی ایک تازہ مثال بنتی جا رہی ہے۔</p>

<p>بظاہر اس ترمیم کا مقصد ریاستی اداروں میں “نظم و ضبط” لانا اور “آئینی خلا” پر کرنا بتایا جا رہا ہے، مگر گہرائی میں دیکھا جائے تو یہ آئینی اصلاح نہیں، بلکہ <strong>اختیارات کے ازسرنو قبضے</strong> کی کوشش دکھائی دیتی ہے۔</p>

<h2>⚖️ عدلیہ کی تقسیم — انصاف یا دباؤ کی نئی شکل؟</h2>

<p>ترمیم کے تحت “وفاقی آئینی عدالت” کے قیام کی تجویز دی گئی ہے۔ حکومتی مؤقف ہے کہ اس عدالت سے سپریم کورٹ کا بوجھ کم ہو گا، لیکن قانونی ماہرین خبردار کر رہے ہیں کہ اس سے عدلیہ دو حصوں میں بٹ جائے گی، اور حکومت کو ججوں کی تقرری اور تبادلے پر بالواسطہ اثر مل جائے گا۔</p>

<p>اگر عدلیہ کی خودمختاری کمزور ہوئی، تو انصاف کی رفتار تو بڑھ جائے گی، مگر <strong>انصاف کی آزادی</strong> سست پڑ جائے گی — اور یہ سودا پاکستان کے جمہوری سفر کے لیے خطرناک ہے۔</p>

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<h2>🪖 فوجی ڈھانچے میں تبدیلی — استحکام یا بالا دستی؟</h2>

<p>آرمی چیف کے لیے “چیف آف ڈیفنس فورسز” کا نیا عہدہ اور پانچ ستارہ رینک کی تجویز ظاہر کرتی ہے کہ عسکری ادارہ اب اپنی غیر تحریری طاقت کو تحریری حیثیت دینا چاہتا ہے۔ یہ ایک علامتی نہیں، بلکہ <strong>انتہائی عملی قدم</strong> ہے — جو فوجی قیادت کو آئینی طور پر مزید مضبوط کر دے گا۔</p>

<p>یہ کہنا درست ہے کہ قومی دفاع میں تسلسل ضروری ہے، لیکن یہ بھی حقیقت ہے کہ طاقت جب <strong>قانون سے اوپر چلی جائے</strong> تو وہ قوم کی خدمت کے بجائے خود “قانون” بن جاتی ہے۔</p>

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<h2>🏛️ صوبوں کے اختیارات — خودمختاری کا الٹا سفر</h2>

<p>18ویں آئینی ترمیم کے بعد پاکستان پہلی بار صوبائی خودمختاری کی طرف بڑھا تھا۔ اب ستائیسویں ترمیم اس سفر کو <strong>الٹا موڑنے</strong> کا عندیہ دیتی ہے۔ تعلیم، آبادی اور منصوبہ بندی جیسے معاملات دوبارہ وفاق کے کنٹرول میں دینے کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ صوبوں کے فیصلے اب “اختیار” نہیں بلکہ “ہدایت” کے تابع ہوں گے۔</p>

<p>وفاقی حکومت کے لیے یہ انتظامی سہولت ہو سکتی ہے، مگر جمہوریت کے لیے یہ <strong>مرکزیت کا زہر</strong> ثابت ہو گا۔</p>

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<h2>🗳️ الیکشن کمیشن — سہولت یا اثر؟</h2>

<p>الیکشن کمیشن کی تقرری کے طریقہ کار میں نرمی بظاہر ایک مثبت قدم لگتا ہے، لیکن اگر یہی سہولت سیاسی مداخلت کے لیے استعمال ہوئی، تو انتخابی ادارہ بھی انتظامی فرمانبرداری کا حصہ بن جائے گا۔</p>

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<p>سب سے اہم سوال یہی ہے — کیا اس ترمیم سے عام شہری کو کوئی براہِ راست فائدہ ہو گا؟ جواب سادہ ہے: <strong>نہیں۔</strong></p>

<p>یہ ترمیم عوامی مفاد یا معاشی استحکام کے لیے نہیں، بلکہ طاقت رکھنے والے طبقات کے <strong>ادارہ جاتی مفاد</strong> کے لیے بن رہی ہے۔ نہ روزگار بڑھے گا، نہ انصاف سستا ہو گا، نہ عوام کی آواز فیصلوں میں سنی جائے گی۔</p>

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<h2>🔴 نتیجہ — آئینی لباس میں طاقت کا کھیل</h2>

<p>اگر ایمانداری سے دیکھا جائے تو ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم دراصل ریاست کو منظم کرنے کی کوشش کم اور طاقت کو <strong>قانونی تحفظ دینے کی تدبیر</strong> زیادہ ہے۔</p>

<p>اس سے بلاشبہ فیصلہ سازی تیز ہو جائے گی، لیکن شفافیت، صوبائی خودمختاری، اور ادارہ جاتی توازن کی قیمت پر۔ یعنی یہ ترمیم <strong>ریاست کو مضبوط نہیں</strong> بلکہ <strong>اختیار کو محدود ہاتھوں میں مرکوز</strong> کرے گی۔</p>

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قانون کی مرمت یا اختیار کا قبضہ؟

ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم — اصلاح یا اقتدار کی نیا روپ؟ 📰 ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم — اصلاح یا اقتدار کی نیا روپ؟ ...

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27 amendment simplified

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<title>ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم کی مکمل وضاحت</title>

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<h1>ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم کی سادہ وضاحت</h1>

<p>یہ ترمیم آئینِ پاکستان میں ایک بڑی تبدیلی ہے۔ اس کا مقصد عدلیہ، فوج، وفاق اور صوبوں کے درمیان اختیارات کی نئی تقسیم کرنا ہے۔

یہ تین بڑے حصوں پر اثر ڈالتی ہے: عدلیہ، فوجی نظام، اور صوبائی خودمختاری۔</p>

<h2>1️⃣ عدلیہ میں تبدیلی</h2>

<p><strong>کیا ہو گا:</strong> ایک نئی عدالت قائم کی جائے گی جس کا نام <strong>وفاقی آئینی عدالت</strong> ہو گا۔ یہ سپریم کورٹ سے الگ ہوگی اور صرف آئینی مقدمات سنے گی۔</p>

<p><strong>فائدہ:</strong> سپریم کورٹ کا بوجھ کم ہوگا، اور مقدمات جلد نمٹ سکیں گے۔</p>

<p><strong>نقصان:</strong> عدلیہ دو حصوں میں تقسیم ہوجائے گی اور ججوں کی آزادی پر اثر پڑ سکتا ہے۔</p>

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<h2>2️⃣ فوجی نظام میں تبدیلی</h2>

<p><strong>کیا ہو گا:</strong> آرمی چیف کا نیا عہدہ <strong>چیف آف ڈیفنس فورسز</strong> رکھا جائے گا۔ چیئرمین جوائنٹ چیف آف اسٹاف کمیٹی کا عہدہ ختم ہوگا،

اور پانچ ستارہ رینک والے جنرلوں کو زندگی بھر مراعات دی جائیں گی۔</p>

<p><strong>فائدہ:</strong> فوجی کمان میں نظم اور ہم آہنگی پیدا ہوگی۔</p>

<p><strong>نقصان:</strong> ایک ہی شخص کے ہاتھ میں بہت زیادہ طاقت آجائے گی، اور فوجی اثر سیاست پر بڑھ سکتا ہے۔</p>

</div>

<h2>3️⃣ صوبوں کے اختیارات</h2>

<p><strong>کیا ہو گا:</strong> کچھ اختیارات جیسے تعلیم اور آبادی کا انتظام وفاق کے پاس آجائے گا،

اور قومی مالیاتی کمیشن میں صوبوں کے حصے میں تبدیلی ممکن ہوگی۔</p>

<p><strong>فائدہ:</strong> پورے ملک میں ایک جیسی پالیسی اور نظام تعلیم بنایا جاسکے گا۔</p>

<p><strong>نقصان:</strong> صوبوں کی خودمختاری کمزور ہوجائے گی، اور ان کے بجٹ پر دباؤ بڑھے گا۔</p>

</div>

<h2>4️⃣ الیکشن کمیشن میں تبدیلی</h2>

<p><strong>کیا ہو گا:</strong> الیکشن کمیشن کے ارکان کی تقرری کا طریقہ آسان کیا جارہا ہے تاکہ تاخیر نہ ہو۔</p>

<p><strong>فائدہ:</strong> انتخابات وقت پر ہوسکیں گے۔</p>

<p><strong>نقصان:</strong> اگر حکومت یکطرفہ تقرری کرے تو شفافیت متاثر ہوسکتی ہے۔</p>

</div>

<h2>5️⃣ مجسٹریٹ نظام</h2>

<p>ابتدائی مسودے میں مجسٹریٹس کو سزا دینے کے اختیارات دینے کی بات تھی مگر عوامی مخالفت کے بعد یہ شق نکال دی گئی۔

یعنی کوئی افسر اب شہری کو بغیر عدالتی حکم کے قید نہیں کرسکتا۔</p>

</div>

<h2>⚖️ خلاصہ</h2>

<table>

<tr>

<th>فائدہ</th>

<th>نقصان</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>عدلیہ</td>

<td>مقدمات جلد حل</td>

<td>آزادی متاثر</td>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>یکساں پالیسی</td>

<td>خودمختاری ختم</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>الیکشن</td>

<td>انتخابات بروقت</td>

<td>شفافیت کم</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>حکومت</td>

<td>تیز فیصلے</td>

<td>احتساب کمزور</td>

</tr>

</table>

<p>یہ ترمیم بظاہر ریاست کو مضبوط بنانے کے لیے پیش کی گئی ہے،

لیکن درحقیقت اس سے اختیارات مرکز اور فوج کے ہاتھ میں زیادہ مرتکز ہو جائیں گے۔</p>

<p>اگر یہ ترمیم ایمانداری سے نافذ کی گئی تو نظام میں نظم پیدا ہوگا،

مگر اگر طاقت کے ناجائز استعمال کے لیے استعمال ہوئی تو جمہوریت کمزور اور آمریت مضبوط ہوجائے گی۔</p>

<p><strong>ایک جملے میں:</strong> یہ ترمیم ریاست کو منظم بھی کرسکتی ہے اور آمریت کی راہ بھی کھول سکتی ہے —

سب کچھ نیت پر منحصر ہے۔</p>

</div>

</body>

</html>

27 amendment simplified

ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم کی مکمل وضاحت ستائیسویں آئینی ترمیم کی سادہ وضاحت یہ ترمیم آئینِ پاکستان میں ایک بڑی تبدیلی ہے۔ ا...

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Animal world

<head>

<title>Parasitic Manipulation: Nature’s Real-Life Mind Control</title>

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</head>

<body>

<h1>Parasitic Manipulation: Nature’s Real-Life Mind Control</h1>

<p>When evolution turns creepy — discover how parasites literally hijack other animals’ minds.</p>

</header>

<h2>What Is Parasitic Manipulation?</h2>

<p>

In the vast world of zoology, few phenomena are as shocking as <strong>parasitic manipulation</strong> —

where one organism takes control of another’s behavior.

Parasites don’t just live off their hosts; they rewrite the rules of their survival.

</p>

<p>

Through chemistry and evolution, these microscopic masterminds have learned how to change brain signals,

alter instincts, and even erase fear itself.

Here are three of the most jaw-dropping examples from nature.

</p>

<h2>1. <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> — The Fearless Rat Syndrome</h2>

<p>

<strong>Toxoplasma gondii</strong> is a single-celled parasite that completes its life cycle inside cats.

But before reaching there, it infects rats and rewires their brain.

</p>

<p>

Normally, rats fear the smell of cats — but once infected, the parasite suppresses that fear and

even makes the rat <strong>attracted</strong> to the scent of cat urine.

The rat literally walks toward its predator.

</p>

<p>

When the cat eats the infected rat, <em>T. gondii</em> enters its true home —

the cat’s intestines — where it reproduces.

Scientists have found that the parasite affects the rat’s dopamine and testosterone,

flipping natural instincts completely.

</p>

</div>

<h2>2. Zombie Ant Fungus — <em>Ophiocordyceps unilateralis</em></h2>

<p>

Deep in tropical forests, an invisible battle unfolds between ants and a deadly fungus called

<em>Ophiocordyceps unilateralis</em>.

Once its spores land on an ant, they penetrate the exoskeleton and spread throughout the body.

</p>

<p>

The fungus seizes control of the ant’s nervous system, forcing it to leave the safety of the colony

and climb up a plant to a specific height. There, it locks its jaws onto a leaf vein and dies —

while the fungus grows a long stalk right through its head to release more spores.

</p>

<p>

The accuracy of this “death grip” behavior is mind-blowing, showing how precisely a parasite

can manipulate its host’s movements.

</p>

</div>

<h2>3. <em>Leucochloridium paradoxum</em> — The Pulsating Snail Trick</h2>

<p>

<em>Leucochloridium paradoxum</em> is a flatworm that turns snails into glowing advertisements for birds.

It invades the snail’s eyestalks, filling them with brightly colored, pulsating tubes that look like

caterpillars wriggling in the light.

</p>

<p>

Birds, fooled by the movement, swoop down to eat the snail — and the parasite

finally reaches the bird’s intestines, where it reproduces.

Meanwhile, infected snails lose their instinct to hide and crawl into open, sunny areas,

making them easy prey.

</p>

</div>

<h2>How Parasites Control Behavior</h2>

<p>

These parasites manipulate hosts by releasing chemicals that affect neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin,

and GABA. Some alter hormone levels, while others target the nervous system directly — like hackers invading code.

</p>

<p>

What’s truly fascinating is how evolution has shaped these strategies —

turning survival into a biochemical mind game that spans millions of years.

</p>

<h2>Final Thoughts</h2>

<p>

From fearless rats and zombie ants to hypnotized snails, parasitic manipulation is a reminder that

nature is both creative and cruel. These microscopic masterminds prove that control and intelligence

can exist even in the smallest, strangest forms of life.

</p>

<p>Written by <strong>Imran</strong> | Zoology Explained 🧬 — Where Science Meets Survival</p>

</div>

</section>

</body>

</html>

Animal world

Parasitic Manipulation: Nature’s Real-Life Mind Control Parasitic Manipulation: Nature’s Real-Life Mind Control W...

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Fascinating Animals world

<head>

<title>Parasitic Manipulation: Nature’s Real-Life Mind Control</title>

<style>

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font-family: 'Poppins', sans-serif;

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to {opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0);}

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</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Parasitic Manipulation: Nature’s Real-Life Mind Control</h1>

<p>Discover how tiny organisms take over the minds and bodies of their hosts in unbelievable ways.</p>

</header>

<h2>What Is Parasitic Manipulation?</h2>

<p>

“Parasitic manipulation” refers to a fascinating yet eerie phenomenon in which a parasite

alters the behavior or biology of its host to increase its own chances of survival and reproduction.

These organisms don’t just live off their hosts — they <strong>control them</strong>.

Through chemical tricks and neurological interference, parasites can literally hijack another creature’s body and mind.

</p>

<p>

The concept seems like science fiction, but it’s entirely real —

and it’s one of the most brilliant evolutionary strategies in the animal kingdom.

</p>

<h2>1. <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> — The Fearless Rat Syndrome</h2>

<p>

<strong>Toxoplasma gondii</strong> is a microscopic parasite with a life cycle that involves both rodents and cats.

Its ultimate goal is to reproduce inside the intestines of cats — but first, it needs to get there.

</p>

<p>

To accomplish this, the parasite infects rats and migrates to their brain,

where it manipulates neural pathways related to fear and attraction.

Normally, rats are terrified of cat scent, but once infected, they experience the opposite:

they become strangely <strong>drawn to cat urine</strong>.

</p>

<p>

This behavioral flip is caused by changes in the rat’s dopamine and testosterone levels,

triggered by the parasite. The infected rat casually approaches cats,

making itself easy prey. Once eaten, <em>T. gondii</em> enters the cat’s digestive system

and continues its reproductive cycle.

</p>

<p><strong>Evolutionary genius? Absolutely.</strong> It’s mind control in its purest biological form.</p>

</div>

<h2>2. The “Zombie Ant” Fungus — <em>Ophiocordyceps unilateralis</em></h2>

<p>

This is one of the most famous examples of parasitic manipulation in nature.

The fungus <em>Ophiocordyceps unilateralis</em> infects ants, especially those living in tropical forests.

Once the spores land on an ant, they penetrate its exoskeleton and begin to spread through its body.

</p>

<p>

Soon, the fungus takes over the ant’s nervous system.

The infected ant leaves its colony — something it would never normally do —

and climbs up vegetation to a very specific height and humidity level.

There, under the fungus’s control, it clamps its jaws onto the underside of a leaf or twig.

</p>

<p>

Then, in a chilling finale, the fungus kills the ant and grows a stalk out of its head,

releasing spores into the air to infect other ants below.

The precision of this manipulation is astonishing — scientists have even called it

“nature’s version of programming a robot.”

</p>

</div>

<h2>3. <em>Leucochloridium paradoxum</em> — The Pulsating Snail Trick</h2>

<p>

The flatworm <em>Leucochloridium paradoxum</em> infects snails and transforms them into glowing billboards for predators.

Once inside, it invades the snail’s eyestalks and fills them with colorful, pulsating sacs that

look remarkably like caterpillars or worms.

</p>

<p>

Birds, mistaking the snail’s eyes for juicy insects, swoop in and eat the snail.

The parasite then passes into the bird’s digestive system, where it can reproduce successfully.

</p>

<p>

Even more shocking: the parasite also manipulates the snail’s behavior.

Normally, snails hide in shady places, but infected ones crawl into bright, open areas —

making themselves far more visible to birds.

It’s like the parasite turns the snail into a self-advertising meal.

</p>

</div>

<h2>How Do Parasites Control the Brain?</h2>

<p>

Scientists believe these parasites manipulate their hosts by altering levels of

neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and GABA.

Others release hormones or proteins that interfere with the host’s normal behavior circuits.

Essentially, the parasite gains access to the host’s internal “remote control system.”

</p>

<p>

While we often associate intelligence with larger animals or humans,

these microscopic organisms demonstrate an entirely different form of intelligence —

one rooted in biochemical mastery rather than conscious thought.

</p>

<h2>Final Thoughts</h2>

<p>

Parasitic manipulation reminds us how complex and interconnected life on Earth truly is.

From rats that lose their fear of cats, to ants turned into zombies, to snails transformed into glowing lures —

evolution has crafted mind-bending strategies that defy imagination.

</p>

<p>

So next time you think humans are the only creatures capable of control,

remember: somewhere in the wild, a parasite is quietly rewriting the rules of behavior — one brain at a time.

</p>

<p>Written by <strong>Imran</strong> | Zoology Explained — Understanding Life, One Species at a Time 🧬</p>

</div>

</section>

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Fascinating Animals world

Parasitic Manipulation: Nature’s Real-Life Mind Control Parasitic Manipulation: Nature’s Real-Life Mind Control D...

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Chromosomal theory

<head>

<title>Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance - Detailed Notes</title>

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</head>

<body>

<h1>🧬 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance</h1>

<p class="tagline">A complete, animated study guide for biology learners</p>

<h2>1. Introduction</h2>

<p>The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance connects Mendel’s laws of heredity to chromosomes, which carry genes and pass them to offspring through gametes.</p>

</div>

<h2>2. History & Discoveries</h2>

<table>

<tr><th>Scientist</th><th>Year</th><th>Contribution</th></tr>

<tr><td>Walter Flemming</td><td>1882</td><td>Discovered chromosomes (“coloured bodies”).</td></tr>

<tr><td>Walter Sutton</td><td>1902</td><td>Linked chromosomes with Mendel’s factors.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Theodor Boveri</td><td>1902</td><td>Confirmed chromosomes carry heredity.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Carl Correns</td><td>1890</td><td>Rediscovered Mendel’s work.</td></tr>

</table>

</div>

<h2>3. Sutton & Boveri’s Chromosomal Theory</h2>

<div class="highlight">Genes are located on chromosomes, and chromosomes carry hereditary information to offspring through gametes.</div>

<h3>Evidences Supporting the Theory</h3>

<div class="point"><b>1. Equal Contribution:</b> Both sperm and egg contribute equally. Hereditary material lies in the nucleus where chromosomes are present.</div>

<div class="point"><b>2. Segregation:</b> Chromosomes separate during meiosis just like Mendel’s factors (law of segregation).</div>

<div class="point"><b>3. Haploid Gametes:</b> Gametes have half the chromosome number; fertilization restores diploid number.</div>

<div class="point"><b>4. Independent Assortment:</b> Chromosomes line up randomly at metaphase, creating variation — matching Mendel’s law.</div>

</div>

<h2>4. Problem in the Theory</h2>

<p>Scientists noticed more independent traits than chromosome pairs. The mystery was solved when it was discovered that each chromosome carries <b>many genes</b>. Genes close together show <b>linkage</b>; those farther apart separate by <b>crossing over</b>.</p>

</div>

<h2>5. T. H. Morgan’s Experimental Proof (1910)</h2>

<p>Using <b>Drosophila melanogaster</b> (fruit fly), Morgan found a <b>white-eyed male mutant</b> and performed cross experiments.</p>

<ul>

<li>Red-eyed female × white-eyed male → F₁: all red-eyed.</li>

<li>White-eyed female × red-eyed male → F₂: only males had white eyes.</li>

</ul>

<div class="highlight">Conclusion: The eye colour gene is located on the <b>X chromosome</b> — a <b>sex-linked gene</b>.</div>

<h3>Other Discoveries</h3>

<ul>

<li><b>Linkage:</b> Genes on the same chromosome are inherited together.</li>

<li><b>Crossing Over:</b> Exchange of parts between homologous chromosomes creates new combinations.</li>

<li><b>Genetic Mapping:</b> Distance between genes estimated by crossing-over frequency.</li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2>6. Final Conclusions</h2>

<ul>

<li>Genes are located on chromosomes.</li>

<li>Chromosomes carry hereditary information.</li>

<li>Meiosis separates and recombines genes.</li>

<li>Fertilization restores diploid number.</li>

<li>Independent assortment and crossing-over produce variation.</li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2>7. Key Terms</h2>

<table>

<tr><th>Term</th><th>Meaning</th></tr>

<tr><td>Gene</td><td>Unit of heredity controlling a specific trait.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Chromosome</td><td>Thread-like DNA-protein structure carrying genes.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Homologous Chromosomes</td><td>Same genes; one from each parent.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Diploid</td><td>Two sets of chromosomes (2n).</td></tr>

<tr><td>Haploid</td><td>One set of chromosomes (n).</td></tr>

<tr><td>Meiosis</td><td>Cell division forming haploid gametes.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Independent Assortment</td><td>Random separation of chromosome pairs.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Linkage</td><td>Genes on same chromosome inherited together.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Crossing Over</td><td>Exchange of chromosome parts creating new gene combinations.</td></tr>

</table>

</div>

<h2>8. Quick Revision Summary</h2>

<table>

<tr><th>Topic</th><th>Key Idea</th></tr>

<tr><td>Discovery</td><td>Flemming (1882)</td></tr>

<tr><td>Theory</td><td>Sutton & Boveri (1902)</td></tr>

<tr><td>Experimental Proof</td><td>T. H. Morgan (1910)</td></tr>

<tr><td>Concepts</td><td>Linkage, Crossing Over, Genetic Mapping</td></tr>

</table>

</div>

<div class="footer">✨ Made for Smart Biology Learners ✨</div>

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Chromosomal theory

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance - Detailed Notes 🧬 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance A complete, animated study guid...

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How to apply for 5 to 15 grade jobs in Sindh?

<head>

<title>Sindh Job Portal - Government Jobs (BPS-5 to BPS-15)</title>

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background-color: #f5f7fa;

margin: 0;

padding: 20px;

color: #333;

}

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margin: 0 auto;

background: #fff;

padding: 25px 40px;

border-radius: 12px;

box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

}

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<body>

<h1>📢 Government of Sindh – Latest Job Announcements</h1>

<p>Apply now through the official <strong>Sindh Job Portal (SJP)</strong> for <strong>BPS-5 to BPS-15</strong> positions in multiple departments.</p>

<strong>Apply Here:</strong>

<a href="https://sjp.gos.pk/available-jobs" target="_blank">https://sjp.gos.pk/available-jobs</a>

</div>

<h2>Departments Offering Jobs</h2>

<ul>

<li>Education & Literacy Department</li>

<li>Health Department</li>

<li>Local Government & Rural Development</li>

<li>Public Health Engineering</li>

<li>Agriculture, Supply & Prices Department</li>

<li>Social Welfare Department</li>

<li>Home Department</li>

<li>Planning & Development Department</li>

<li>Information Technology Department</li>

<li>Finance Department</li>

<li>Environment & Climate Change Department</li>

<li>Culture, Tourism & Antiquities Department</li>

<li>Livestock & Fisheries Department</li>

</ul>

<h2>How to Apply</h2>

<ol>

<li>Visit the Sindh Job Portal:

<a href="https://sjp.gos.pk/available-jobs" target="_blank">https://sjp.gos.pk/available-jobs</a>

</li>

<li>Register using your CNIC and mobile number.</li>

<li>Complete your profile and upload all required documents (CNIC, domicile, certificates, etc.).</li>

<li>Browse the job list and select your desired position.</li>

<li>Click “Apply” and fill in the online form carefully.</li>

<li>Submit and save a copy of your confirmation slip.</li>

<li>Check your portal dashboard, email, or SMS for test/interview updates.</li>

</ol>

<h2>Important Notes</h2>

<ul>

<li>Read eligibility criteria carefully before applying.</li>

<li>Applications can be submitted online only; no manual forms are accepted.</li>

<li>Merit-based selection and transparent process through SJP.</li>

<li>Multiple jobs across Sindh for all domiciles and districts.</li>

</ul>

</div>

<h2>Useful Links</h2>

<ul>

<li><a href="https://sjp.gos.pk" target="_blank">Official Sindh Job Portal Home</a></li>

<li><a href="https://applicant.sjp-gos.com/register" target="_blank">Register / Create New Account</a></li>

<li><a href="https://sjp.gos.pk/available-jobs" target="_blank">View Available Jobs</a></li>

</ul>

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</div>

</body>

</html><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD-qXX0AR6BXY4aGQ2t9yO3saalVSg0pmhZZyzPgTWGcJkApCqOhV8qqdzI-Nv-AWnf9eVYpYdXKxNSj-qBXkO8sL7zR9CwiM-rWDGkIYZwcn7WW9NF3k1Uz0rkuOjAGzsvtonQz2cM8XcqzoNbQRSj22nhQQUsRsr5ZZIpFiyNTBI5vUI3muzR8t_iwE/s257/download%20%282%29.jpeg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="192" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD-qXX0AR6BXY4aGQ2t9yO3saalVSg0pmhZZyzPgTWGcJkApCqOhV8qqdzI-Nv-AWnf9eVYpYdXKxNSj-qBXkO8sL7zR9CwiM-rWDGkIYZwcn7WW9NF3k1Uz0rkuOjAGzsvtonQz2cM8XcqzoNbQRSj22nhQQUsRsr5ZZIpFiyNTBI5vUI3muzR8t_iwE/s320/download%20%282%29.jpeg"/></a></div>

How to apply for 5 to 15 grade jobs in Sindh?

Sindh Job Portal - Government Jobs (BPS-5 to BPS-15) 📢 Government of Sindh – Latest Job Announcements ...

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Hybridization process kiya hai ?

<head>

<title>Genetic Hybridization — The Science of Mixing Life | Zoology Blog</title>

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<h1>🧬 Genetic Hybridization — The Science of Mixing Life</h1>

</header>

<p class="urdu"><strong>جینیاتی ملاپ</strong> یا <em>Genetic Hybridization</em> جدید حیاتیات کا وہ عمل ہے جس میں دو مختلف انواع (species) کے جینز کو ملا کر ایک نئی مخلوق پیدا کی جاتی ہے۔ یہ فطری طور پر بھی ہو سکتا ہے اور انسان کے ذریعے مصنوعی طریقے سے بھی۔</p>

<h2>🌿 Introduction / تعارف</h2>

Genetic hybridization means combining the genetic material of two species to form a hybrid.

It can occur naturally — such as <strong>horse + donkey = mule</strong> — or through biotechnology in laboratories using gene manipulation.

</p>

<h2>⚗️ Types of Hybridization / اقسام</h2>

<ul>

<li><strong>Natural Hybridization:</strong> Occurs spontaneously in nature between closely related species (e.g., lion × tiger → liger).</li>

<li><strong>Artificial / Genetic Hybridization:</strong> Produced in labs using biotechnology, such as <em>gene splicing</em> or <em>CRISPR</em> gene editing.</li>

</ul>

<h2>🧫 Common Examples / عام مثالیں</h2>

<table>

<tr><th>Hybrid</th><th>Parents</th><th>Description</th></tr>

<tr><td>Liger</td><td>Lion × Tiger</td><td>World’s largest cat combining lion and tiger features.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Mule</td><td>Horse × Donkey</td><td>Strong, sterile working animal used for transportation and labor.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Beefalo</td><td>Cow × Bison</td><td>Hybrid for better meat yield and disease resistance.</td></tr>

<tr><td>GloFish</td><td>Zebra Fish + Jellyfish gene</td><td>Fluorescent aquarium fish that glows in the dark.</td></tr>

<tr><td>Human–Pig Embryo (Experimental)</td><td>Human + Pig Cells</td><td>Created for organ research — highly controversial and ethically debated.</td></tr>

</table>

<h2>🎯 Scientific Purpose / سائنسی مقاصد</h2>

سائنسدان جینیاتی ملاپ اس لیے کرتے ہیں تاکہ نئی نسلیں پیدا کی جا سکیں جو:

</p>

<li>بیماریوں کے خلاف زیادہ مزاحمت رکھتی ہوں،</li>

<li>زیادہ گوشت، دودھ یا فائبر پیدا کریں،</li>

<li>اور انسان کے علاج میں مدد دے سکیں — مثلاً organ transplant کے لیے۔</li>

</ul>

In medical research, scientists experiment with hybrid embryos to study human organ growth or disease resistance — for instance, producing insulin cells to help diabetes treatment.

</p>

<h2>⚖️ Ethical & Religious Concerns / اخلاقی اور مذہبی خدشات</h2>

This is where science meets ethics.

Creating life raises moral questions: Should humans alter God’s creation? What about suffering or rights of hybrids?

Many faiths, including Islam, stress that life is sacred and modification should be limited to genuine medical need.

</p>

اسلام میں بلا ضرورت جاندار کی فطرت میں تبدیلی کو ناپسند کیا گیا ہے۔

اگر مقصد انسانی بھلائی اور علاج ہو، اور اس میں کوئی حرام یا غیر انسانی پہلو شامل نہ ہو،

تو بعض علماء محدود اجازت دیتے ہیں — لیکن حدودِ فطرت کا احترام لازمی ہے۔

</p>

<h2>🌍 Environmental Impact / ماحولیاتی اثرات</h2>

Artificial hybrids can disturb ecosystems.

If a hybrid species escapes into the wild, it might outcompete natural species and disrupt biodiversity.

Example: Hybrid fish species have replaced native fish in some lakes.

</p>

<h2>🔬 Future of Hybridization / مستقبل کی سمت</h2>

With technologies like <strong>CRISPR-Cas9</strong>, scientists can now “edit” genes more precisely — turning them on or off.

The future may include:

</p>

<ul>

<li>Disease-free livestock 🐄</li>

<li>Drought-resistant crops 🌾</li>

<li>Organ farming for transplants 👩‍⚕️</li>

<li>and stricter ethical frameworks for human-animal genetic research ⚠️</li>

</ul>

<h2>🕊️ Conclusion / نتیجہ</h2>

جینیاتی ملاپ بلاشبہ ایک زبردست سائنسی کامیابی ہے جو علاج، زراعت اور حیاتیاتی علم میں نئی راہیں کھولتی ہے۔

لیکن انسان کو یاد رکھنا چاہیے کہ ہر علم ایک امانت ہے — اگر اسے بھلائی کے لیے استعمال کیا جائے تو نعمت ہے،

اگر غرور یا طاقت کے لیے ہو تو خطرہ بھی بن سکتا ہے۔

</p>

“Science can mix genes, but only ethics can guide purpose.” — Zoology & Faith

</blockquote>

<strong>Note:</strong> This article is for educational discussion.

For religious or ethical interpretation, always consult qualified scholars or experts in bioethics.

</div>

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Hybridization process kiya hai ?

Genetic Hybridization — The Science of Mixing Life | Zoology Blog 🧬 Genetic Hybridization — The Science o...

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mdcat paper oct 26 2025

<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Mdcat paper 2025</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVE3YY_8kGfnDpGGcegf4q7UshVKimyJdJYJ-PUyVtwt4eSe22M04Z6T7i28hStDf1L3oiiIy1K7U-ZGShTEahLucsa05aVm0IEnc_WXwC5umHhnF4rbcmfvIpDmGMpJ3T7Uuh46Viue-bTr2YHMz3tW5XC7JQ2V-wqFvR6e7uE5hzp8F4Yc_oo6vEF1Q/s1798/2025%20SINDH%20MDCAT%20PAPER%20ORIGINAL%20BY%20DANI%2003313067328_4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1798" data-original-width="1271" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVE3YY_8kGfnDpGGcegf4q7UshVKimyJdJYJ-PUyVtwt4eSe22M04Z6T7i28hStDf1L3oiiIy1K7U-ZGShTEahLucsa05aVm0IEnc_WXwC5umHhnF4rbcmfvIpDmGMpJ3T7Uuh46Viue-bTr2YHMz3tW5XC7JQ2V-wqFvR6e7uE5hzp8F4Yc_oo6vEF1Q/s320/2025%20SINDH%20MDCAT%20PAPER%20ORIGINAL%20BY%20DANI%2003313067328_4.jpg" width="226" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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mdcat paper oct 26 2025

Mdcat paper 2025

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Joints and Bone deformalties

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    <title>Biology Quiz Challenge</title>
    
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jspdf/2.5.1/jspdf.umd.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html2canvas/1.4.1/html2canvas.min.js"></script>
    <style>
        * {
            margin: 0;
            padding: 0;
            box-sizing: border-box;
            font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;
        }

body {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6a11cb 0%, #2575fc 100%);
            min-height: 100vh;
            display: flex;
            justify-content: center;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 10px;
            user-select: none;
            -webkit-user-select: none;
            -moz-user-select: none;
            -ms-user-select: none;
        }

.container {
            background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95);
            border-radius: 15px;
            box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
            width: 100%;
            max-width: 95%;
            overflow: hidden;
            position: relative;
        }

.screen {
            padding: 20px;
            display: none;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: center;
            text-align: center;
            animation: fadeIn 0.8s ease;
        }

.active {
            display: flex;
        }

h1 {
            color: #2575fc;
            margin-bottom: 15px;
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            text-shadow: 1px 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
        }

h2 {
            color: #333;
            margin-bottom: 10px;
            font-size: 1.3rem;
        }

p {
            color: #555;
            margin-bottom: 15px;
            line-height: 1.5;
            font-size: 0.95rem;
        }

.welcome-screen {
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #6a11cb 0%, #2575fc 100%);
            color: white;
            padding: 25px 20px;
        }

.welcome-screen h1 {
            color: white;
            font-size: 2.2rem;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

.welcome-screen p {
            color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
            font-size: 1rem;
            max-width: 100%;
        }

.input-group {
            margin: 15px 0;
            width: 100%;
            max-width: 350px;
        }

input {
            width: 100%;
            padding: 12px;
            border: none;
            border-radius: 8px;
            font-size: 1rem;
            box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
        }

input:focus {
            outline: none;
            box-shadow: 0 4px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            transform: translateY(-2px);
        }

.btn {
            background: linear-gradient(to right, #6a11cb, #2575fc);
            color: white;
            border: none;
            padding: 12px 30px;
            border-radius: 40px;
            font-size: 1rem;
            font-weight: bold;
            cursor: pointer;
            margin-top: 15px;
            box-shadow: 0 8px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            position: relative;
            overflow: hidden;
        }

.btn:hover {
            transform: translateY(-3px);
            box-shadow: 0 12px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
        }

.btn:active {
            transform: translateY(0);
        }

.btn:disabled {
            background: #cccccc;
            cursor: not-allowed;
            transform: none;
            box-shadow: none;
        }

.quiz-header {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            width: 100%;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            gap: 10px;
        }

.timer {
            background: #ff4b5c;
            color: white;
            padding: 8px 15px;
            border-radius: 40px;
            font-weight: bold;
            box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(255, 75, 92, 0.4);
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            min-width: 100px;
            text-align: center;
        }

.question-counter {
            background: #2575fc;
            color: white;
            padding: 8px 15px;
            border-radius: 40px;
            font-weight: bold;
            box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(37, 117, 252, 0.4);
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            min-width: 140px;
            text-align: center;
        }

.question-container {
            width: 100%;
            text-align: left;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
        }

.question {
            font-size: 1.2rem;
            margin-bottom: 15px;
            color: #333;
            line-height: 1.4;
        }

.options {
            display: grid;
            grid-template-columns: 1fr;
            gap: 10px;
        }

@media (min-width: 600px) {
            .options {
                grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
            }
        }

.option {
            background: white;
            border: 2px solid #e0e0e0;
            border-radius: 8px;
            padding: 12px;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            font-size: 1rem;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
        }

.option:hover {
            border-color: #2575fc;
            transform: translateY(-2px);
            box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
        }

.option.selected {
            border-color: #2575fc;
            background: rgba(37, 117, 252, 0.1);
        }

.option.correct {
            border-color: #4CAF50;
            background: rgba(76, 175, 80, 0.1);
        }

.option.wrong {
            border-color: #f44336;
            background: rgba(244, 67, 54, 0.1);
        }

.option-letter {
            display: inline-flex;
            justify-content: center;
            align-items: center;
            width: 25px;
            height: 25px;
            background: #2575fc;
            color: white;
            border-radius: 50%;
            margin-right: 12px;
            font-weight: bold;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
        }

.navigation {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            width: 100%;
            margin-top: 15px;
            gap: 8px;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
        }

.navigation .btn {
            flex: 1;
            min-width: 120px;
            margin-top: 0;
        }

.progress-bar {
            width: 100%;
            height: 8px;
            background: #e0e0e0;
            border-radius: 4px;
            margin: 15px 0;
            overflow: hidden;
        }

.progress {
            height: 100%;
            background: linear-gradient(to right, #6a11cb, #2575fc);
            width: 0%;
            transition: width 0.5s ease;
        }

.result-item {
            background: white;
            border-radius: 8px;
            padding: 12px;
            margin-bottom: 12px;
            box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            text-align: left;
        }

.result-correct {
            border-left: 4px solid #4CAF50;
        }

.result-wrong {
            border-left: 4px solid #f44336;
        }

.result-unattempted {
            border-left: 4px solid #ff9800;
        }

.result-question {
            font-weight: bold;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
            font-size: 1rem;
        }

.result-answers {
            display: flex;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            gap: 8px;
        }

.answer-badge {
            padding: 4px 8px;
            border-radius: 4px;
            font-size: 0.85rem;
        }

.correct-answer {
            background: rgba(76, 175, 80, 0.2);
            color: #2e7d32;
        }

.wrong-answer {
            background: rgba(244, 67, 54, 0.2);
            color: #c62828;
        }

.my-answer {
            background: rgba(33, 150, 243, 0.2);
            color: #1565c0;
        }

.unattempted-answer {
            background: rgba(255, 152, 0, 0.2);
            color: #ef6c00;
        }

.grade {
            font-size: 3.5rem;
            font-weight: bold;
            margin: 15px 0;
            background: linear-gradient(to right, #6a11cb, #2575fc);
            -webkit-background-clip: text;
            -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
        }

.stats {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-around;
            width: 100%;
            margin: 15px 0;
            flex-wrap: wrap;
            gap: 10px;
        }

.stat {
            text-align: center;
            padding: 15px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            background: white;
            box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            flex: 1;
            min-width: 100px;
        }

.stat-value {
            font-size: 2rem;
            font-weight: bold;
            margin-bottom: 8px;
        }

.stat-correct .stat-value {
            color: #4CAF50;
        }

.stat-wrong .stat-value {
            color: #f44336;
        }

.stat-unattempted .stat-value {
            color: #ff9800;
        }

.stat-score .stat-value {
            color: #2575fc;
        }

/* 🆕 Leaderboard Styles */
        .leaderboard-section {
            background: #f0f8ff;
            border-radius: 10px;
            padding: 20px;
            margin: 25px 0;
            box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
            width: 100%;
        }

.student-row {
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-between;
            align-items: center;
            padding: 12px;
            margin: 8px 0;
            background: white;
            border-radius: 8px;
            border-left: 4px solid #4CAF50;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
        }

.student-row:hover {
            transform: translateY(-2px);
            box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
        }

.rank-1 {
            border-left-color: #FFD700;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #fff9e6, #fff0b3);
        }

.rank-2 {
            border-left-color: #C0C0C0;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f8f8f8, #e8e8e8);
        }

.rank-3 {
            border-left-color: #CD7F32;
            background: linear-gradient(135deg, #fef4eb, #ffe0c2);
        }

/* Certificate Styles - PROFESSIONAL PRINT QUALITY */
        .certificate-container {
            width: 100%;
            max-width: 800px;
            margin: 20px auto;
            background: #fff;
            border: 15px solid #8B4513;
            padding: 30px;
            box-shadow: 0 15px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
            position: relative;
            text-align: center;
            background-image: 
                radial-gradient(circle at 10% 20%, rgba(255,255,255,0.8) 0%, transparent 20%),
                radial-gradient(circle at 90% 80%, rgba(255,255,255,0.6) 0%, transparent 20%);
        }

.certificate-container::before {
            content: "";
            position: absolute;
            top: 20px;
            left: 20px;
            right: 20px;
            bottom: 20px;
            border: 2px solid #D2B48C;
            pointer-events: none;
        }

.certificate-title {
            font-size: 2.5rem;
            color: #8B4513;
            margin-bottom: 10px;
            font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;
            font-weight: bold;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 2px;
            text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
        }

.certificate-subtitle {
            font-size: 1.3rem;
            color: #8B4513;
            margin-bottom: 30px;
            font-style: italic;
            font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;
        }

.certificate-content {
            margin: 30px 0;
            font-size: 1.1rem;
            line-height: 1.6;
            color: #333;
            font-family: 'Georgia', serif;
            text-align: center;
            max-width: 600px;
            margin-left: auto;
            margin-right: auto;
        }

.certificate-name {
            font-size: 2.2rem;
            color: #8B4513;
            margin: 20px 0;
            font-weight: bold;
            font-family: 'Brush Script MT', cursive;
            text-decoration: underline;
            text-decoration-thickness: 2px;
            text-underline-offset: 8px;
            min-height: 60px;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
        }

.certificate-grade {
            font-size: 1.8rem;
            color: #8B4513;
            margin: 20px 0;
            font-weight: bold;
            font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;
        }

.certificate-score {
            font-size: 1.4rem;
            color: #333;
            margin: 10px 0;
            font-family: 'Georgia', serif;
        }

.certificate-remarks {
            font-size: 1.2rem;
            color: #8B4513;
            margin: 25px 0;
            font-style: italic;
            font-weight: bold;
            font-family: 'Georgia', serif;
            padding: 12px;
            border-top: 2px solid #D2B48C;
            border-bottom: 2px solid #D2B48C;
        }

.certificate-date {
            margin-top: 30px;
            font-size: 1.1rem;
            color: #666;
            font-family: 'Georgia', serif;
        }

.certificate-signature {
            margin-top: 40px;
            display: flex;
            justify-content: space-around;
            align-items: flex-end;
        }

.signature-box {
            text-align: center;
        }

.signature-line {
            border-top: 2px solid #8B4513;
            width: 200px;
            margin: 40px auto 8px auto;
        }

.signature-name {
            font-family: 'Brush Script MT', cursive;
            font-size: 1.5rem;
            color: #8B4513;
            margin-top: 5px;
        }

.signature-title {
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            color: #666;
            margin-top: 5px;
            font-family: 'Georgia', serif;
        }

/* Logo positioned in the top-right corner */
        .certificate-logo {
            position: absolute;
            top: 30px;
            right: 30px;
            width: 130px;
            height: 130px;
            border: 3px solid #8B4513;
            border-radius: 50%;
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            align-items: center;
            justify-content: center;
            background: rgba(255,255,255,0.95);
            font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;
            font-weight: bold;
            color: #8B4513;
            text-align: center;
            padding: 10px;
            box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
            overflow: hidden;
        }

.logo-line {
            font-size: 0.8rem;
            line-height: 1.1;
            margin: 1px 0;
            text-transform: uppercase;
            letter-spacing: 0.5px;
        }

.logo-line.main {
            font-size: 0.95rem;
            font-weight: bolder;
            margin: 2px 0;
        }

.certificate-ribbon {
            position: absolute;
            top: -8px;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translateX(-50%);
            background: #8B4513;
            color: white;
            padding: 8px 30px;
            font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;
            font-weight: bold;
            font-size: 1rem;
            letter-spacing: 1px;
        }

.certificate-ribbon::before,
        .certificate-ribbon::after {
            content: "";
            position: absolute;
            top: 0;
            border: 12px solid #8B4513;
        }

.certificate-ribbon::before {
            left: -24px;
            border-left-color: transparent;
        }

.certificate-ribbon::after {
            right: -24px;
            border-right-color: transparent;
        }

.website-link {
            margin-top: 15px;
            font-size: 0.9rem;
            color: #8B4513;
            font-family: 'Georgia', serif;
        }

.website-link a {
            color: #8B4513;
            text-decoration: none;
            font-weight: bold;
        }

.website-link a:hover {
            text-decoration: underline;
        }

/* PDF-specific certificate styles */
        .certificate-pdf {
            width: 100%;
            height: 100%;
            background: #fff;
            border: 15px solid #8B4513;
            padding: 30px;
            text-align: center;
            position: relative;
        }

/* Print-specific styles */
        @media print {
            body {
                background: white !important;
                padding: 0 !important;
                margin: 0 !important;
            }
            
            .container {
                background: white !important;
                box-shadow: none !important;
                border-radius: 0 !important;
                max-width: 100% !important;
                margin: 0 !important;
            }
            
            .screen:not(.active) {
                display: none !important;
            }
            
            .certificate-screen.active {
                display: block !important;
            }
            
            .certificate-container {
                margin: 0 !important;
                box-shadow: none !important;
                border: 15px solid #8B4513 !important;
                page-break-inside: avoid;
            }
            
            .certificate-actions {
                display: none !important;
            }
            
            .navigation {
                display: none !important;
            }
            
            h1, p {
                display: none !important;
            }
            
            .certificate-screen h1,
            .certificate-screen p {
                display: none !important;
            }
        }

.certificate-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(to right, #2E8B57, #3CB371);
        }

.certificate-btn:hover {
            background: linear-gradient(to right, #3CB371, #2E8B57);
        }

.print-btn {
            background: linear-gradient(to right, #8B4513, #A0522D);
        }

.print-btn:hover {
            background: linear-gradient(to right, #A0522D, #8B4513);
        }

@keyframes fadeIn {
            from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(15px); }
            to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
        }

.confetti {
            position: absolute;
            width: 8px;
            height: 8px;
            background-color: #f00;
            opacity: 0;
            pointer-events: none;
        }

@keyframes confetti-fall {
            0% {
                transform: translateY(-80px) rotate(0deg);
                opacity: 1;
            }
            100% {
                transform: translateY(800px) rotate(720deg);
                opacity: 0;
            }
        }

/* Mobile-specific adjustments */
        @media (max-width: 768px) {
            .container {
                max-width: 100%;
                border-radius: 10px;
            }
            
            .screen {
                padding: 15px;
            }
            
            h1 {
                font-size: 1.6rem;
            }
            
            h2 {
                font-size: 1.2rem;
            }
            
            .welcome-screen h1 {
                font-size: 1.8rem;
            }
            
            .question {
                font-size: 1.1rem;
            }
            
            .navigation {
                flex-direction: column;
            }
            
            .navigation .btn {
                width: 100%;
            }
            
            .stats {
                flex-direction: column;
            }
            
            .stat {
                min-width: 100%;
            }
            
            .grade {
                font-size: 3rem;
            }
            
            .certificate-container {
                padding: 20px;
                border-width: 10px;
                margin: 10px auto;
            }
            
            .certificate-title {
                font-size: 1.8rem;
                margin-bottom: 8px;
            }
            
            .certificate-subtitle {
                font-size: 1.1rem;
                margin-bottom: 20px;
            }
            
            .certificate-name {
                font-size: 1.6rem;
                margin: 15px 0;
                min-height: 50px;
            }
            
            .certificate-content {
                font-size: 1rem;
                margin: 20px 0;
                line-height: 1.5;
            }
            
            .certificate-grade {
                font-size: 1.4rem;
                margin: 15px 0;
            }
            
            .certificate-score {
                font-size: 1.2rem;
            }
            
            .certificate-remarks {
                font-size: 1.1rem;
                margin: 20px 0;
                padding: 10px;
            }
            
            .certificate-logo {
                width: 100px;
                height: 100px;
                font-size: 0.7rem;
                top: 20px;
                right: 20px;
                padding: 8px;
            }
            
            .logo-line {
                font-size: 0.65rem;
            }
            
            .logo-line.main {
                font-size: 0.75rem;
            }
            
            .certificate-ribbon {
                padding: 6px 20px;
                font-size: 0.9rem;
            }
            
            .signature-line {
                width: 150px;
                margin: 30px auto 5px auto;
            }
            
            .signature-name {
                font-size: 1.2rem;
            }
            
            .website-link {
                font-size: 0.8rem;
            }
        }

@media (max-width: 480px) {
            .certificate-container {
                padding: 15px;
                border-width: 8px;
            }
            
            .certificate-title {
                font-size: 1.5rem;
            }
            
            .certificate-name {
                font-size: 1.4rem;
            }
            
            .certificate-logo {
                width: 80px;
                height: 80px;
                font-size: 0.6rem;
                top: 15px;
                right: 15px;
                padding: 5px;
            }
            
            .logo-line {
                font-size: 0.55rem;
            }
            
            .logo-line.main {
                font-size: 0.65rem;
            }
        }
        
        /* NEW: Hide other elements when certificate is active */
        .certificate-screen.active ~ .container > *:not(.certificate-screen) {
            display: none !important;
        }
        
        /* NEW: Limit leaderboard to top 10 */
        .leaderboard-section {
            max-height: 400px;
            overflow-y: auto;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        
        <div class="screen welcome-screen active" id="welcome-screen">
            <h1>Biology Quiz Challenge</h1>
            <p>Test your biology knowledge with this exciting quiz! You have 30 minutes to answer 50 questions. Each correct answer gives you 2 points, but wrong answers deduct 0.5 points. Good luck!</p>
            
            <div class="input-group">
                <input type="text" id="player-name" placeholder="Enter your name" required>
            </div>
            
            <button class="btn" id="start-btn">Start Quiz</button>
        </div>

<div class="screen" id="quiz-screen">
            <div class="quiz-header">
                <div class="timer" id="timer">30:00</div>
                <div class="question-counter" id="question-counter">Question 1 of 50</div>
            </div>
            
            <div class="progress-bar">
                <div class="progress" id="progress"></div>
            </div>
            
            <div class="question-container">
                <h2 class="question" id="question">Question will appear here</h2>
                
                <div class="options" id="options">
                    
                </div>
            </div>
            
            <div class="navigation">
                <button class="btn" id="prev-btn" disabled>Previous</button>
                <button class="btn" id="next-btn">Next</button>
                <button class="btn" id="submit-btn" style="display:none">Submit Quiz</button>
            </div>
        </div>

<div class="screen" id="results-screen">
            <h1>Biology Quiz Results</h1>
            <div class="grade" id="grade">A+</div>
            <h2 id="player-greeting">Well done, Player!</h2>
            
            <div class="stats">
                <div class="stat stat-correct">
                    <div class="stat-value" id="correct-count">0</div>
                    <div>Correct Answers</div>
                </div>
                <div class="stat stat-wrong">
                    <div class="stat-value" id="wrong-count">0</div>
                    <div>Wrong Answers</div>
                </div>
                <div class="stat stat-unattempted">
                    <div class="stat-value" id="unattempted-count">0</div>
                    <div>Unattempted</div>
                </div>
                <div class="stat stat-score">
                    <div class="stat-value" id="score">0</div>
                    <div>Total Score</div>
                </div>
            </div>
            
            
            <div class="leaderboard-section">
                <h3 style="text-align: center; color: #2575fc; margin-bottom: 15px;">🏆 Class Leaderboard</h3>
                
                
                <div style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px;">
                    <p style="color: #4CAF50; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; background: #e8f5e8; border-radius: 5px;">
                        ✅ Your score has been automatically saved to the leaderboard!
                    </p>
                </div>
                
                
                <div id="leaderboard-display" style="max-height: 300px; overflow-y: auto;">
                    <div style="text-align: center; color: #666; padding: 20px;">
                        Loading leaderboard...
                    </div>
                </div>
                
                <div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 15px;">
                    <button class="btn" onclick="loadLeaderboard()" style="background: #2196F3; padding: 8px 15px; font-size: 0.9rem;">
                        🔄 Refresh Leaderboard
                    </button>
                </div>
            </div>
            
            <div id="results-container">
                
            </div>
            
            <div class="navigation">
                <button class="btn" id="view-certificate-btn">View Certificate</button>
                <button class="btn" id="restart-btn">Take Quiz Again</button>
            </div>
        </div>

<div class="screen" id="certificate-screen">
            <h1>Biology Certificate of Achievement</h1>
            <p>Congratulations on completing the Biology Quiz! Here's your professional certificate.</p>
            
            <div class="certificate-container" id="certificate">
                <div class="certificate-ribbon">OFFICIAL CERTIFICATE</div>
                <div class="certificate-logo">
                    <div class="logo-line">BIOLOGY</div>
                    <div class="logo-line main">EXCELLENCE</div>
                    <div class="logo-line">AWARD</div>
                </div>
                
                <div class="certificate-title">Certificate of Achievement</div>
                <div class="certificate-subtitle">in Biological Sciences</div>
                
                <div class="certificate-content">
                    This is to certify that
                </div>
                
                <div class="certificate-name" id="certificate-name">Player Name</div>
                
                <div class="certificate-content" id="certificate-content">
                    has successfully completed the Biology Quiz Challenge with outstanding performance
                    and demonstrated excellent knowledge in biological sciences.
                </div>
                
                <div class="certificate-grade" id="certificate-grade">Grade: A+</div>
                <div class="certificate-score" id="certificate-score">Score: 95/100</div>
                <div class="certificate-remarks" id="certificate-remarks">Excellent Performance!</div>
                
                <div class="certificate-date" id="certificate-date">Issued on: October 20, 2023</div>
                
                <div class="certificate-signature">
                    <div class="signature-box">
                        <div class="signature-line"></div>
                        <div class="signature-name">Imran Dal</div>
                        <div class="signature-title">Biology Quiz Administrator</div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                
                <div class="website-link">
                    Visit: <a href="https://imranalidal.blogspot.com" target="_blank">https://imranalidal.blogspot.com</a>
                </div>
            </div>
            
            <div class="certificate-actions">
                <button class="btn certificate-btn" id="download-pdf-btn">Download PDF Certificate</button>
                <button class="btn print-btn" id="print-certificate-btn">Print Certificate</button>
                <button class="btn" id="back-to-results-btn">Back to Results</button>
                <button class="btn" id="new-quiz-btn">Take New Quiz</button>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

// DOM Elements
        const welcomeScreen = document.getElementById('welcome-screen');
        const quizScreen = document.getElementById('quiz-screen');
        const resultsScreen = document.getElementById('results-screen');
        const certificateScreen = document.getElementById('certificate-screen');
        const startBtn = document.getElementById('start-btn');
        const playerNameInput = document.getElementById('player-name');
        const timerElement = document.getElementById('timer');
        const questionCounter = document.getElementById('question-counter');
        const progressBar = document.getElementById('progress');
        const questionElement = document.getElementById('question');
        const optionsContainer = document.getElementById('options');
        const prevBtn = document.getElementById('prev-btn');
        const nextBtn = document.getElementById('next-btn');
        const submitBtn = document.getElementById('submit-btn');
        const restartBtn = document.getElementById('restart-btn');
        const viewCertificateBtn = document.getElementById('view-certificate-btn');
        const downloadPdfBtn = document.getElementById('download-pdf-btn');
        const printCertificateBtn = document.getElementById('print-certificate-btn');
        const backToResultsBtn = document.getElementById('back-to-results-btn');
        const newQuizBtn = document.getElementById('new-quiz-btn');
        const gradeElement = document.getElementById('grade');
        const playerGreeting = document.getElementById('player-greeting');
        const correctCountElement = document.getElementById('correct-count');
        const wrongCountElement = document.getElementById('wrong-count');
        const unattemptedCountElement = document.getElementById('unattempted-count');
        const scoreElement = document.getElementById('score');
        const resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results-container');
        const certificateName = document.getElementById('certificate-name');
        const certificateGrade = document.getElementById('certificate-grade');
        const certificateScore = document.getElementById('certificate-score');
        const certificateRemarks = document.getElementById('certificate-remarks');
        const certificateContent = document.getElementById('certificate-content');
        const certificateDate = document.getElementById('certificate-date');
        const certificateElement = document.getElementById('certificate');

// Quiz state
        let currentQuestion = 0;
        let userAnswers = new Array(quizQuestions.length).fill(null);
        let timeLeft = 30 * 60; // 30 minutes in seconds
        let timerInterval;
        let playerName = "";
        let finalScore = 0;
        let finalGrade = "";

// 🆕 PERMANENT LEADERBOARD SETUP
        const BIN_ID = '68f891d5ae596e708f2370bd';
        const API_KEY = '$2a$10$3J0UO0F.U4O7FlsPjEAcB.BvwAtYo3ZiFy9oXaORLUYBbK58nUSNa';

// Start the quiz
        startBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
            if (playerNameInput.value.trim() === "") {
                alert("Please enter your name to start the quiz.");
                return;
            }
            
            playerName = playerNameInput.value.trim();
            welcomeScreen.classList.remove('active');
            quizScreen.classList.add('active');
            
            startTimer();
            loadQuestion();
        });

// Restart the quiz
        restartBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
            currentQuestion = 0;
            userAnswers = new Array(quizQuestions.length).fill(null);
            timeLeft = 30 * 60;
            
            resultsScreen.classList.remove('active');
            welcomeScreen.classList.add('active');
            
            // Reset the form
            playerNameInput.value = "";
            
            // Reset timer display
            timerElement.textContent = "30:00";
            timerElement.style.background = "#ff4b5c";
        });

// Navigation buttons
        prevBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
            if (currentQuestion > 0) {
                currentQuestion--;
                loadQuestion();
            }
        });

nextBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
            if (currentQuestion < quizQuestions.length - 1) {
                currentQuestion++;
                loadQuestion();
            } else {
                // Last question - enable submit button
                submitBtn.style.display = 'block';
                nextBtn.disabled = true;
            }
        });

// Submit button
        submitBtn.addEventListener('click', endQuiz);

// Certificate buttons
        viewCertificateBtn.addEventListener('click', showCertificate);
        backToResultsBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
            certificateScreen.classList.remove('active');
            resultsScreen.classList.add('active');
        });
        newQuizBtn.addEventListener('click', () => {
            currentQuestion = 0;
            userAnswers = new Array(quizQuestions.length).fill(null);
            timeLeft = 30 * 60;
            
            certificateScreen.classList.remove('active');
            welcomeScreen.classList.add('active');
            
            // Reset the form
            playerNameInput.value = "";
        });

// Download PDF certificate - FIXED VERSION
        downloadPdfBtn.addEventListener('click', downloadPdfCertificate);

// Print certificate
        printCertificateBtn.addEventListener('click', printCertificate);

// Load question
        function loadQuestion() {
            const question = quizQuestions[currentQuestion];
            
            // Update question counter and progress bar
            questionCounter.textContent = `Question ${currentQuestion + 1} of ${quizQuestions.length}`;
            progressBar.style.width = `${((currentQuestion + 1) / quizQuestions.length) * 100}%`;
            
            // Update navigation buttons
            prevBtn.disabled = currentQuestion === 0;
            nextBtn.disabled = currentQuestion === quizQuestions.length - 1;
            
            // Hide submit button until last question
            if (currentQuestion < quizQuestions.length - 1) {
                submitBtn.style.display = 'none';
            }
            
            // Set question text
            questionElement.textContent = question.question;
            
            // Clear options
            optionsContainer.innerHTML = '';
            
            // Add options
            question.options.forEach((option, index) => {
                const optionElement = document.createElement('div');
                optionElement.classList.add('option');
                
                if (userAnswers[currentQuestion] === index) {
                    optionElement.classList.add('selected');
                }
                
                optionElement.innerHTML = `
                    <span class="option-letter">${String.fromCharCode(65 + index)}</span>
                    <span class="option-text">${option}</span>
                `;
                
                optionElement.addEventListener('click', () => {
                    // Deselect all options
                    document.querySelectorAll('.option').forEach(opt => {
                        opt.classList.remove('selected');
                    });
                    
                    // Select this option
                    optionElement.classList.add('selected');
                    userAnswers[currentQuestion] = index;
                    
                    // Auto-advance to next question after selection
                    setTimeout(() => {
                        if (currentQuestion < quizQuestions.length - 1) {
                            currentQuestion++;
                            loadQuestion();
                        } else {
                            // Last question - enable submit button
                            submitBtn.style.display = 'block';
                            nextBtn.disabled = true;
                        }
                    }, 500);
                });
                
                optionsContainer.appendChild(optionElement);
            });
        }

// Timer function
        function startTimer() {
            updateTimerDisplay();
            
            timerInterval = setInterval(() => {
                timeLeft--;
                updateTimerDisplay();
                
                if (timeLeft <= 0) {
                    clearInterval(timerInterval);
                    endQuiz();
                }
            }, 1000);
        }

// 🆕 AUTO-SAVE FUNCTION
        async function autoSaveToLeaderboard() {
            try {
                // Load current scores
                const response = await fetch(`https://api.jsonbin.io/v3/b/${BIN_ID}/latest`, {
                    headers: { 'X-Master-Key': API_KEY }
                });
                const data = await response.json();
                const scores = data.record.scores || [];

// Calculate percentage for leaderboard
                const percentage = (finalScore / (quizQuestions.length * 2)) * 100;
                
                // Add new score
                scores.push({
                    name: playerName,
                    score: Math.round(percentage),
                    date: new Date().toLocaleDateString()
                });

// Save back to permanent storage
                await fetch(`https://api.jsonbin.io/v3/b/${BIN_ID}`, {
                    method: 'PUT',
                    headers: {
                        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                        'X-Master-Key': API_KEY
                    },
                    body: JSON.stringify({ scores: scores })
                });

console.log('✅ Score auto-saved to leaderboard!');
                
            } catch (error) {
                console.error('❌ Error auto-saving score:', error);
            }
        }

// End quiz and show results - WITH AUTO-SAVE
        function endQuiz() {
            clearInterval(timerInterval);
            
            // Calculate results
            let correctCount = 0;
            let wrongCount = 0;
            let unattemptedCount = 0;
            let score = 0;
            
            quizQuestions.forEach((question, index) => {
                if (userAnswers[index] === question.correct) {
                    correctCount++;
                    score += 2;
                } else if (userAnswers[index] !== null) {
                    wrongCount++;
                    score -= 0.5;
                } else {
                    unattemptedCount++;
                }
            });
            
            // Ensure score doesn't go below 0
            score = Math.max(0, score);
            finalScore = score;
            
            // 🆕 AUTO-SAVE TO LEADERBOARD
            autoSaveToLeaderboard();
            
            // Update results screen with appropriate greeting
            const percentage = (score / (quizQuestions.length * 2)) * 100;
            
            if (percentage >= 70) {
                playerGreeting.textContent = `Excellent work, ${playerName}!`;
            } else if (percentage >= 50) {
                playerGreeting.textContent = `Good effort, ${playerName}!`;
            } else if (percentage >= 30) {
                playerGreeting.textContent = `Keep trying, ${playerName}!`;
            } else {
                playerGreeting.textContent = `Don't give up, ${playerName}! Practice makes perfect.`;
            }
            
            correctCountElement.textContent = correctCount;
            wrongCountElement.textContent = wrongCount;
            unattemptedCountElement.textContent = unattemptedCount;
            scoreElement.textContent = score.toFixed(1);
            
            // Calculate grade
            let grade;
            
            if (percentage >= 90) grade = "A+";
            else if (percentage >= 80) grade = "A";
            else if (percentage >= 70) grade = "B";
            else if (percentage >= 60) grade = "C";
            else if (percentage >= 50) grade = "D";
            else grade = "F";
            
            gradeElement.textContent = grade;
            finalGrade = grade;
            
            // Show detailed results
            resultsContainer.innerHTML = '';
            quizQuestions.forEach((question, index) => {
                const resultItem = document.createElement('div');
                
                if (userAnswers[index] === question.correct) {
                    resultItem.classList.add('result-item', 'result-correct');
                } else if (userAnswers[index] !== null) {
                    resultItem.classList.add('result-item', 'result-wrong');
                } else {
                    resultItem.classList.add('result-item', 'result-unattempted');
                }
                
                let userAnswerText = "Not Attempted";
                if (userAnswers[index] !== null) {
                    userAnswerText = question.options[userAnswers[index]];
                }
                
                const answersHtml = `
                    <div class="result-answers">
                        <span class="answer-badge correct-answer">Correct: ${question.options[question.correct]}</span>
                        ${userAnswers[index] !== null ? 
                            `<span class="answer-badge ${userAnswers[index] === question.correct ? 'correct-answer' : 'wrong-answer'}">Your Answer: ${userAnswerText}</span>` : 
                            `<span class="answer-badge unattempted-answer">Not Attempted</span>`}
                    </div>
                `;
                
                resultItem.innerHTML = `
                    <div class="result-question">${index + 1}. ${question.question}</div>
                    ${answersHtml}
                `;
                
                resultsContainer.appendChild(resultItem);
            });
            
            // Show results screen
            quizScreen.classList.remove('active');
            resultsScreen.classList.add('active');
            
            // Load leaderboard when results show
            setTimeout(loadLeaderboard, 500);
            
            // Create confetti effect only for good scores
            if (percentage >= 70) {
                createConfetti();
            }
        }

// Show certificate
        function showCertificate() {
            // Update certificate with user data
            certificateName.textContent = playerName;
            certificateGrade.textContent = `Grade: ${finalGrade}`;
            certificateScore.textContent = `Score: ${finalScore.toFixed(1)}/${quizQuestions.length * 2}`;
            
            // Set remarks based on grade
            const percentage = (finalScore / (quizQuestions.length * 2)) * 100;
            let remarks = "";
            
            if (percentage >= 90) {
                remarks = "Outstanding Performance! Exceptional knowledge of Biology!";
            } else if (percentage >= 80) {
                remarks = "Excellent Performance! Strong understanding of Biology concepts!";
            } else if (percentage >= 70) {
                remarks = "Very Good Performance! Good grasp of Biology fundamentals!";
            } else if (percentage >= 60) {
                remarks = "Good Performance! Solid understanding of basic Biology!";
            } else if (percentage >= 50) {
                remarks = "Satisfactory Performance! Passed the Biology quiz!";
            } else {
                remarks = "Needs Improvement. Keep studying Biology concepts!";
            }
            
            certificateRemarks.textContent = remarks;
            
            // Update certificate content based on performance
            if (percentage >= 50) {
                certificateContent.textContent = `has successfully completed the Biology Quiz Challenge and demonstrated ${percentage >= 70 ? 'excellent' : 'satisfactory'} knowledge in biological sciences.`;
            } else {
                certificateContent.textContent = `has attempted the Biology Quiz Challenge. We encourage further study of biological concepts to improve understanding.`;
            }
            
            // Set current date automatically (only in one place)
            const now = new Date();
            const options = { year: 'numeric', month: 'long', day: 'numeric' };
            certificateDate.textContent = `Issued on: ${now.toLocaleDateString('en-US', options)}`;
            
            // Show certificate screen
            resultsScreen.classList.remove('active');
            certificateScreen.classList.add('active');
        }

// Download PDF certificate - COMPLETELY FIXED VERSION
        function downloadPdfCertificate() {
            // Create a temporary container for PDF generation
            const tempContainer = document.createElement('div');
            tempContainer.style.position = 'fixed';
            tempContainer.style.left = '-9999px';
            tempContainer.style.top = '0';
            tempContainer.style.width = '800px';
            tempContainer.style.height = '600px';
            tempContainer.style.background = 'white';
            tempContainer.style.padding = '0';
            tempContainer.style.boxSizing = 'border-box';
            tempContainer.style.overflow = 'hidden';
            
            // Create a simplified certificate for PDF
            const pdfCertificate = document.createElement('div');
            pdfCertificate.className = 'certificate-pdf';
            pdfCertificate.innerHTML = `
                <div style="position: absolute; top: -8px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); background: #8B4513; color: white; padding: 8px 30px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1rem; letter-spacing: 1px;">
                    OFFICIAL CERTIFICATE
                </div>
                <div style="position: absolute; top: 30px; right: 30px; width: 130px; height: 130px; border: 3px solid #8B4513; border-radius: 50%; display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.95); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; color: #8B4513; text-align: center; padding: 10px; box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); overflow: hidden;">
                    <div style="font-size: 0.8rem; line-height: 1.1; margin: 1px 0; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">BIOLOGY</div>
                    <div style="font-size: 0.95rem; line-height: 1.1; margin: 2px 0; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; font-weight: bolder;">EXCELLENCE</div>
                    <div style="font-size: 0.8rem; line-height: 1.1; margin: 1px 0; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">AWARD</div>
                </div>
                
                <div style="font-size: 2.5rem; color: #8B4513; margin: 60px 0 10px 0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2px;">
                    Certificate of Achievement
                </div>
                <div style="font-size: 1.3rem; color: #8B4513; margin-bottom: 40px; font-style: italic; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
                    in Biological Sciences
                </div>
                
                <div style="margin: 30px 0; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.6; color: #333; font-family: 'Georgia', serif;">
                    This is to certify that
                </div>
                
                <div style="font-size: 2.2rem; color: #8B4513; margin: 20px 0; font-weight: bold; font-family: 'Brush Script MT', cursive; text-decoration: underline; min-height: 50px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center;">
                    ${playerName}
                </div>
                
                <div style="margin: 30px 0; font-size: 1.1rem; line-height: 1.6; color: #333; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; max-width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
                    ${certificateContent.textContent}
                </div>
                
                <div style="font-size: 1.8rem; color: #8B4513; margin: 20px 0; font-weight: bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">
                    ${certificateGrade.textContent}
                </div>
                <div style="font-size: 1.4rem; color: #333; margin: 10px 0; font-family: 'Georgia', serif;">
                    ${certificateScore.textContent}
                </div>
                <div style="font-size: 1.2rem; color: #8B4513; margin: 25px 0; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; padding: 12px; border-top: 2px solid #D2B48C; border-bottom: 2px solid #D2B48C;">
                    ${certificateRemarks.textContent}
                </div>
                
                <div style="margin-top: 30px; font-size: 1.1rem; color: #666; font-family: 'Georgia', serif;">
                    ${certificateDate.textContent}
                </div>
                
                <div style="margin-top: 40px; display: flex; justify-content: space-around; align-items: flex-end;">
                    <div style="text-align: center;">
                        <div style="border-top: 2px solid #8B4513; width: 200px; margin: 40px auto 8px auto;"></div>
                        <div style="font-family: 'Brush Script MT', cursive; font-size: 1.5rem; color: #8B4513;">Imran Dal</div>
                        <div style="font-size: 0.9rem; color: #666; font-family: 'Georgia', serif;">Biology Quiz Administrator</div>
                    </div>
                </div>
                
                <div style="margin-top: 15px; font-size: 0.9rem; color: #8B4513; font-family: 'Georgia', serif;">
                    Visit: <a href="https://imranalidal.blogspot.com" target="_blank" style="color: #8B4513; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">https://imranalidal.blogspot.com</a>
                </div>
            `;
            
            tempContainer.appendChild(pdfCertificate);
            document.body.appendChild(tempContainer);
            
            // Use html2canvas to capture the certificate
            html2canvas(pdfCertificate, {
                scale: 2,
                useCORS: true,
                logging: false,
                width: 800,
                height: 600,
                windowWidth: 800,
                windowHeight: 600
            }).then(canvas => {
                // Create PDF
                const { jsPDF } = window.jspdf;
                const pdf = new jsPDF('landscape', 'mm', 'a4');
                
                // Calculate dimensions to fit the certificate in A4
                const imgWidth = 297; // A4 width in mm
                const imgHeight = (canvas.height * imgWidth) / canvas.width;
                
                // Add image to PDF
                const imgData = canvas.toDataURL('image/png');
                pdf.addImage(imgData, 'PNG', 0, 0, imgWidth, imgHeight);
                
                // Download the PDF
                pdf.save(`Biology_Certificate_${playerName.replace(/\s+/g, '_')}.pdf`);
                
                // Clean up
                document.body.removeChild(tempContainer);
            }).catch(error => {
                console.error('Error generating PDF:', error);
                alert('Error generating PDF. Please try again.');
                document.body.removeChild(tempContainer);
            });
        }

// Print certificate
        function printCertificate() {
            window.print();
        }

// Create confetti effect
        function createConfetti() {
            const colors = ['#f94144', '#f3722c', '#f8961e', '#f9c74f', '#90be6d', '#43aa8b', '#577590'];
            const container = document.querySelector('.container');
            
            for (let i = 0; i < 80; i++) {
                const confetti = document.createElement('div');
                confetti.classList.add('confetti');
                confetti.style.backgroundColor = colors[Math.floor(Math.random() * colors.length)];
                confetti.style.left = Math.random() * 100 + 'vw';
                confetti.style.animation = `confetti-fall ${Math.random() * 3 + 2}s linear forwards`;
                confetti.style.animationDelay = Math.random() * 2 + 's';
                container.appendChild(confetti);
                
                // Remove confetti after animation
                setTimeout(() => {
                    if (confetti.parentNode) {
                        confetti.remove();
                    }
                }, 5000);
            }
        }

// 🆕 PERMANENT LEADERBOARD FUNCTIONS
        async function loadLeaderboard() {
            const leaderboardDisplay = document.getElementById('leaderboard-display');
            leaderboardDisplay.innerHTML = '<div style="text-align: center; color: #666; padding: 20px;">Loading leaderboard...</div>';
            
            try {
                const response = await fetch(`https://api.jsonbin.io/v3/b/${BIN_ID}/latest`, {
                    headers: { 'X-Master-Key': API_KEY }
                });
                const data = await response.json();
                const scores = data.record.scores || [];
                
                displayLeaderboard(scores);
            } catch (error) {
                leaderboardDisplay.innerHTML = '<div style="text-align: center; color: #ff0000; padding: 20px;">No scores yet! Be the first to save your score.</div>';
            }
        }

function displayLeaderboard(scores) {
            const leaderboardDisplay = document.getElementById('leaderboard-display');
            
            if (scores.length === 0) {
                leaderboardDisplay.innerHTML = '<div style="text-align: center; color: #666; padding: 20px;">No scores yet! Be the first to save your score.</div>';
                return;
            }

// Sort by score (highest first) and limit to top 10
            scores.sort((a, b) => b.score - a.score);
            const topScores = scores.slice(0, 10);
            
            let html = '';
            topScores.forEach((student, index) => {
                const rank = index + 1;
                const trophy = rank === 1 ? '🥇' : rank === 2 ? '🥈' : rank === 3 ? '🥉' : `${rank}.`;
                const rankClass = rank === 1 ? 'rank-1' : rank === 2 ? 'rank-2' : rank === 3 ? 'rank-3' : '';
                
                html += `
                    <div class="student-row ${rankClass}">
                        <div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
                            <span style="font-size: 1.2em; margin-right: 10px; font-weight: bold;">${trophy}</span>
                            <strong>${student.name}</strong>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <strong style="color: #4CAF50; font-size: 1.1em;">${student.score}%</strong>
                            <small style="color: #666; margin-left: 8px;">${student.date}</small>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                `;
            });
            
            leaderboardDisplay.innerHTML = html;
        }

// Prevent text selection and copying
        document.addEventListener('contextmenu', (e) => e.preventDefault());
        document.addEventListener('copy', (e) => {
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Joints and Bone deformalties

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